Praxis Study Guide

What Is the Praxis?

The Praxis is a collection of standardized tests used in the teacher certification process. It includes three main types of exams:

Praxis Core Tests – These assess basic academic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics. They’re often required for admission into teacher preparation programs.
Praxis Subject Assessments – These evaluate a candidate’s knowledge in specific subject areas and are commonly used by states as part of their teacher licensure process.
Praxis Content Knowledge for Teaching (CKT) Tests – These focus on elementary education and test how well teachers understand and apply content in classroom settings.

Each state has its own certification requirements, so the specific Praxis tests needed can vary. For instance, what’s required to become a middle school math teacher in one state may be different in another.

This guide will explore the different types of Praxis exams and how they fit into the process of becoming a certified teacher.

Praxis Format Overview

The structure and number of questions on the Praxis exams differ depending on the specific type of test being taken. The Praxis Core is divided into three sections: reading, writing, and mathematics.

The Reading section features 56 questions.
The Writing portion has two parts: the first part consists of 40 multiple-choice questions, and the second requires responses to two essay prompts.
The Mathematics test also contains 56 questions.

Aside from the essays, question formats may include standard multiple-choice, numeric entry, single-answer selection, or multiple-answer selection formats.

The Praxis Subject Assessments vary in both length and structure. These exams may consist of multiple-choice questions, essay responses, or a combination of both.

The Praxis Content Knowledge for Teaching (CKT) exams are tailored to assess elementary teachers’ understanding across four key content areas:

Reading and Language Arts: 49 multiple-choice questions
Mathematics: 41 multiple-choice questions
Science: 25 multiple-choice questions
Social Studies: 25 multiple-choice questions

These formats aim to evaluate a candidate’s subject-specific knowledge as well as their ability to apply that knowledge in instructional settings.

Praxis Test Duration

The amount of time allotted for Praxis exams differs depending on the type of test being taken. Each Praxis Core subtest comes with its own designated time limit.

The Reading section must be completed within 85 minutes.
The Mathematics section allows up to 90 minutes.
The Writing exam is split into two parts: the first part (multiple-choice) is timed at 40 minutes, while the second part (essay writing) gives 60 minutes, totaling 100 minutes overall.

The Praxis Subject Assessments also vary in length and may range anywhere from one to four hours, depending on the content and complexity of the subject.

Here is a breakdown of the time limits for selected exams:

Exam Name	Time Allotted
Praxis Core Reading	85 minutes
Praxis Core Mathematics	90 minutes
Praxis Core Writing	100 minutes
Agriculture	120 minutes
Computer Science	180 minutes
Speech-Language Pathology	150 minutes

Make sure to review the specific requirements for your test so you can plan your pacing accordingly.

What to Expect on the Praxis Exam: How Challenging Is It?

The difficulty of the Praxis exams can differ depending on the specific test. Generally, the Praxis Core assessments might be considered more manageable than the Praxis Subject Assessments. This is largely due to the Core tests focusing on essential academic skills—such as reading, writing, and math—needed to enter teacher preparation programs. In contrast, the Subject Assessments are designed to evaluate in-depth knowledge required for teacher licensure.

Regardless of the test type, achieving a passing score requires adequate preparation. How hard the exam feels will depend on each individual’s academic strengths, familiarity with the content, and the amount of effort they’ve put into studying.

How Are Praxis Exams Scored?

Scoring for the Praxis exams depends on the question format. Tests that consist of selected-response, constructed-response, or a combination of both types are scored using different methods. Scores typically range from 100 to 200. For example, if a test taker correctly answers 60% of the questions, they might receive a score of 160.

In selected-response exams, each correct answer earns one point. These points are totaled to create a raw score, which is then converted to a scaled score to account for variations in test versions. These exams are scored electronically.

Constructed-response tests, on the other hand, are evaluated by trained scorers—each response is reviewed by at least two evaluators. Some constructed-response scores are weighted before combining them into a final raw score, while others are simply totaled. Like selected-response exams, the raw score is scaled for consistency across different test versions. For exams that include both question types, the raw scores from each section are combined and then scaled into the final score.

Praxis Passing Rates Explained

Passing rates for the Praxis exams can differ based on a variety of elements. Individual schools may monitor how often their students pass, and national averages are also available. These rates can change depending on the specific Praxis exam being taken and the year the test was administered. Furthermore, each state can have its own minimum passing score, which affects pass rates from one location to another.

For example, consider the Praxis Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects exam (5001; Subtests 5002–5005). During the 2021–2022 testing cycle, the national first-attempt pass rate was 45%, while Virginia reported a higher rate of 57%. It’s also common for candidates to perform better on retakes, as many improve their scores after initial attempts.

Praxis Registration, Test Sites, Scheduling, and Fees/Waivers

The registration process for all Praxis exams is uniform, regardless of the specific test. Candidates taking the exam within the U.S. can register by phone, though this option includes an extra fee of $35. Mail registration is also possible, but test-takers should expect up to three weeks for their voucher and registration instructions to arrive by mail. The most straightforward way to register is online, through a Praxis account, where candidates choose their exam, pick a test date, and pay the required fee.

Praxis testing centers are spread across the U.S. and internationally. Test-takers can locate nearby centers using the ETS ‘Find a Test Center’ online tool. Additionally, many Praxis exams can be taken remotely via online proctoring from home. Most exams offer test dates throughout the year, often daily. The ‘Find a Test Date’ tool helps candidates view available dates for specific exams and see when their scores will be reported. Test times depend on the location and exam.

Exam fees vary by test, ranging from $50 to $209. Fee waivers are available for eligible candidates, such as those receiving financial aid, currently enrolled in undergraduate or graduate programs, possessing a 2023-2024 FAFSA Student Aid Report (SAR), and required by an approved score recipient to take the Praxis. If a candidate needs to reschedule, an extra fee of $40 applies. There is no limit on the number of times a candidate can retake the Praxis, but there must be at least 28 days between attempts, and each attempt requires paying the exam fee again.

Testing accommodations are provided for those who require them, including disability accommodations and extended time for test-takers whose first language is not English (PLNE), sometimes called ESL. Candidates must request disability accommodations in advance. Once approved, they will receive instructions on how to proceed with registration.

Praxis Requirements

There aren’t any particular educational qualifications required to register for or take the Praxis exams. However, people usually take these exams at different points in their education or career journey. For example, the Praxis Core tests are typically taken before entering an undergraduate teacher preparation program. Many Praxis Subject Assessments are aimed at individuals who are nearing completion of, or have already earned, a bachelor’s degree in a specific subject area. Some Subject Assessments, like the Praxis Speech-Language Pathology (5331) exam, are intended for those who have finished graduate-level studies in their field.

Praxis Overview	Details
Test Delivery Method	Administered via computer
How to Register	Register online, via phone, or mail
Testing Sites	Available at test centers or online (some exams only)
Availability of Test Dates	Offered throughout the year, dates vary
Cost of Test	Fees range between $50 and $209
Fee for Changing Test Date	$40 charge for rescheduling
Policy on Retakes	Unlimited attempts allowed, must wait 28 days between attempts
Accessibility Options	Accommodations provided upon request

Praxis Preparation

To save both time and money, and to successfully meet the requirements for their career path, test takers should prepare thoroughly for the Praxis exam. There are numerous resources available to help candidates get ready. For example, Praxis study guides provide valuable information about the exam’s structure, content, and question types. These guides help test takers assess their current knowledge and skills, allowing them to plan their study schedule effectively.

While preparing, candidates may want to collect a variety of study materials. They can use textbooks from their education courses, make flashcards, or borrow books from the library. Some may choose to work with a tutor or participate in a study group. Praxis practice exams are also an excellent way to become familiar with the test format and track progress. Many practice tests are available online, sometimes for a small fee, and often simulate real testing conditions with time limits. Additionally, some provide explanations for correct answers, which can serve as a helpful learning aid.

Praxis Registration | Steps to Register for the Praxis Exam

What Are the Praxis Exams?

The Praxis exams, administered by ETS, are a set of tests that many states require for teacher certification. Prospective teachers must pass one or more of these exams depending on their state’s requirements. The Praxis exams are divided into three main categories.

First, the Praxis Core Tests, also known as Praxis 1, are typically taken before entering teacher education programs. These exams assess basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics.

Second, the Praxis Subject Assessments, or Praxis 2 tests, evaluate knowledge and expertise in specific subject areas. These tests are usually necessary for earning certification in a particular content field. This category also includes the Principles of Learning and Teaching (PLT) tests, which measure candidates’ understanding of teaching methods for different grade levels.

Lastly, the Praxis Content Knowledge for Teaching (CKT) tests are designed for future elementary school teachers to gauge both their subject knowledge and their ability to apply it effectively in the classroom.

The registration steps for all Praxis exams are the same. For instance, registering for the Praxis Core exams follows the same process as registering for the Praxis 2 tests. More details on registration will be provided below.

Starting the Praxis Registration Process

When getting ready to register for a Praxis exam, candidates should first find out which specific Praxis tests are needed for their state and the teaching role they want to pursue. For example, the Praxis exams required for an elementary school teacher in Indiana might be different from those needed for a middle school science teacher in Kentucky. Candidates should also consider:

Whether they prefer to take the test at home or at a testing center
The proximity of the testing location
How much preparation time they will need before the exam
How much time is needed after the exam to fulfill certification deadlines

All Praxis exams can be taken in person at numerous test centers across the U.S. and internationally. Many of the exams are also offered online with remote proctoring for at-home testing. Prior to registering, candidates can use the ETS website’s ‘Find a Test Center’ feature to locate nearby testing sites by entering their city or zip code. Although test dates vary by location, Praxis exams are usually available throughout the year. Candidates can check available test dates using the ‘Schedule Your Test’ tool and should pick a date that allows sufficient time for studying, retaking the exam if necessary, and completing all certification requirements. For example, some candidates might want to earn their certification before the start of the school year. Similarly, those registering for Praxis Core exams may need to plan ahead to meet deadlines for teacher education program admission.

How to Register for the Praxis Exam

Candidates can register for the Praxis exam through three main methods: online, by mail, or over the phone. Below, we’ll explain each registration option in more detail. Before completing their registration, test takers who require special accommodations for disabilities or health reasons can request them. Accommodations might include extended testing time, Braille or audio formats, a test reader, sign language interpreters, or other supports. To request accommodations, candidates must complete and submit the Bulletin Supplement for Test Takers with Disabilities or Health-Related Needs to ETS. The review process can take up to six weeks. Once approved, candidates will be sent an email with detailed instructions on how to register with their accommodations.

Before signing up, test takers should also review Praxis policies regarding unscheduled breaks, calculator use, score cancellation, and behaviors that could lead to removal from the exam. Additionally, candidates must comply with any rules set by their chosen test center.

Registering for the Praxis Online

Candidates can sign up for the Praxis exam by logging into their ETS Praxis account online. Once their email is confirmed, they can pick their desired exam, schedule the test date, and submit the payment for the exam fee. Those opting to take the test at a physical test center need to print out their admission ticket to bring on the day of the exam.

Registering for the Praxis by Mail

When registering by mail, candidates need to send in their Test Authorization Voucher Request Form and allow additional time for processing. It typically takes a minimum of three weeks for ETS to review the request and mail back a voucher number. This voucher will include detailed steps for completing the Praxis registration. Those testing at a test center must still print their admission ticket from their online account before exam day.

Registering for the Praxis by Phone

Candidates who already have an online Praxis account and intend to take the exam within the U.S. can register by phone, which includes an extra $35 processing fee on top of the exam cost. To use this option, test takers must call no later than four days before their scheduled test date and complete payment during the call. Phone registration is available Monday through Friday, between 8:00 a.m. and 7:45 p.m. Eastern Time.

Praxis Test Registration Costs

Each Praxis exam has a specific exam fee, and additional charges may apply based on the candidate’s situation. The table below outlines these fees:

Fee Type	Amount
Praxis Exam Fees	Between $64 and $209
Nevada State Surcharge	$5
Fee for Changing Test Date/Center	$40
Extra Score Report	$50 per report
Score Verification Review	$65
Phone Registration Surcharge	$35

Candidates are required to pay the exam fee along with any extra fees using one of the following payment methods:

Credit or debit card
PayPal (only available for online registration)
Money order
eCheck (from a U.S. bank)
Authorization voucher

It’s important for candidates to verify payment rules based on their chosen method. For instance, PayPal payments can only be made during online registration.

Fee waivers are also offered for eligible candidates. To apply for a waiver, candidates must:

Complete the Fee Waiver Request Form
Obtain an Enrollment Verification Certificate from their school
Provide the latest FAFSA Student Aid Report (SAR)
Scan all these documents
Submit the documents to ETS via email or mail

Getting Ready for Praxis Test Day

Whether taking the exam at a testing center or from home, candidates should properly prepare for their Praxis exam(s). Though this list isn’t comprehensive, these suggestions can help kickstart effective preparation:

Review the exam’s format and topics by using a study guide
Identify areas of strength and weakness related to the exam content
Collect a variety of study resources like textbooks, library books, flashcards, and more
Create and follow a well-structured study schedule
Understand how the exam will be scored
Use practice questions and sample tests to track progress and improve

For those testing online, it’s essential to get the testing setup ready before the exam day. This includes verifying computer specifications and browser compatibility, installing the ETS Secure Test Browser, checking all equipment, and troubleshooting any problems. Candidates must also prepare a quiet, private space with a table and chair, plus approved note-taking materials. During check-in, online test takers will need a valid ID and either a mirror or a phone to show their surroundings.

Candidates testing in-person must bring a valid ID and their printed admission ticket from their Praxis account. They may also bring a calculator if the exam permits its use.

How to Succeed on the Praxis Exam

Getting Started with Praxis Test Preparation

To set yourself up for success on the Praxis exam, follow these five key steps:

Identify the specific Praxis test required for your goals
Learn effective strategies for taking the Praxis
Get to know the structure and topics covered on your exam
Create and follow a consistent study schedule
Prepare thoroughly for the day of the test

Keep reading to explore each step in detail and discover how to build your confidence and readiness before test day arrives.

Step 1: Identify the Appropriate Praxis Exam for You

Start by familiarizing yourself with the various Praxis exams available. The Praxis Core tests assess basic skills in Reading, Writing, and Mathematics and can be taken individually or as a combined exam. Beyond that, there are more than 90 Praxis Subject Assessments that focus on specific content areas, ranging from biology and world history to audiology. These exams evaluate both subject knowledge and the teaching skills needed for a successful education career.

The specific Praxis exam(s) you need to take will depend on your chosen field and your state’s certification requirements. Be sure to consult your state’s education board or your teacher preparation program to confirm which tests are necessary. Also, investigate the available test locations, exam dates, and the passing scores required in your state. When scheduling your exam, plan ahead to allow enough time to thoroughly prepare for the test material.

Step 2: Master Effective Praxis Test-Taking Techniques

To succeed on the Praxis, focus on two important strategies: managing your time during the exam and knowing how to approach questions you’re unsure about. The duration of Praxis exams varies—some, like the Praxis Core, can be completed in one combined session, while others, such as the Subject Assessments, are taken separately. Be aware of your specific test’s length and practice answering questions under timed conditions. This preparation helps you stay calm under pressure and maintain a steady pace throughout the exam.

Another crucial strategy is learning how to handle guessing. Experienced test takers understand that they will face some questions they cannot answer with certainty. The Praxis scoring system awards points only for correct answers, with no deductions for wrong responses. Because incorrect answers don’t lower your score, it’s always better to guess rather than skip a question. Making an educated guess increases your chance of earning more points on the test.

Step 3: Get Acquainted with Your Exam’s Structure and Material

The next step is to explore the subject matter and types of questions featured on your Praxis exam. This will help you assess your current knowledge and identify which topics need more focus. ETS offers free study guides that include content summaries and practice questions, allowing you to become comfortable with the test’s overall structure, including the variety of question formats and the scope of material covered. Be sure to learn about the different question styles and how many of each you might encounter. Praxis exams typically include question types such as:

Selected Response (multiple-choice questions)
Numeric Entry (entering a number)
Constructed Response (essay or written answers)

Step 4: Develop and Follow a Praxis Study Plan

If you’re unsure how to begin studying, use this guide to create and stick to an effective Praxis preparation plan:

Set Study Sessions: Be honest about how much time you can realistically dedicate to studying. Build a schedule that fits your lifestyle—whether that means short daily study sessions or longer blocks a few times per week. Tools like Study.com’s Study Goals feature can help you by allowing you to input your test date and then calculating a personalized study timeline based on the time available and material to cover.
Evaluate Your Current Knowledge: Take practice tests or diagnostic quizzes to measure your starting point. Understanding your strengths and weaknesses will help you allocate study time more efficiently. Practice exams that offer detailed feedback can direct your focus to areas that need the most improvement.
Review Relevant Content: Use a variety of resources to guide your studying. Reviewing coursework related to your subject area, such as materials from a math education class, can be helpful. You can also borrow subject-specific or grade-level textbooks from libraries. Comprehensive study guides and bite-sized lessons with quizzes, like those offered by Study.com, provide engaging and manageable ways to learn.
Check Your Progress: As your test date nears, re-test yourself to track improvements and identify topics that need another review. This targeted reinforcement will boost your confidence and performance. Use Praxis practice tests to evaluate readiness. If your scores aren’t where you want them, concentrate your review on weaker topics instead of covering everything again.

Step 5: Get Ready for Your Praxis Exam Day

After finishing your study plan and feeling prepared, take these final steps in the days leading up to your exam to maximize your success:

Verify Your Test Location: Occasionally, testing sites may change unexpectedly. Use your online Praxis account to confirm your assigned testing center and ensure you know exactly where to go on exam day.
Gather Required Documents: Bring valid identification and your admission ticket with you to the testing center. You can print your admission ticket from your Praxis registration account ahead of time to avoid any issues.
Familiarize Yourself with Testing Policies: Many personal items, including most jewelry, are prohibited in the exam room. You won’t be allowed to use your own pencils or erasers, and calculators are only permitted for certain exams. Review the Praxis Test Information Bulletin on the ETS website to understand all rules and what to expect during your test.
Plan Your Travel Time: Know how long it takes to get to the testing site and plan to arrive at least 30 minutes early. Account for possible delays such as traffic or bad weather so you can arrive calmly and on time.
Dress Comfortably in Layers: Since room temperatures can vary, wearing layers will help keep you comfortable throughout the exam. Choose clothes that won’t distract you, avoiding anything too tight or irritating.