Category: Nursing – FNP

Elderly Distinguishing delirium from dementia Feature Delirium Dementia Definition A sudden and rapid decline in brain function, leading to confusion, changes in cognition, activity levels, and level of consciousness (LOC). A slow and progressive decline in intellectual or cognitive function that worsens over time and interferes with daily activities. Cause Typically triggered by an acute…

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Condition Cause Symptoms/Signs Diagnosis Treatment Concerns HIV HIV-1 is the most prevalent in the U.S. Hairy leukoplakia (from Epstein-Barr virus), recurrent thrush, fever, weight loss, diarrhea, cough, shortness of breath, Kaposi’s sarcoma; symptoms typically appear within 2-4 weeks Initial screening is done with a 4th-generation HIV antigen/antibody combination test, which detects both…

Pregnancy Milestones and Measurements Uterine Growth & Landmarks Concern: If the uterus measures smaller than expected, consider intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis Considerations: Dietary Requirements Healthy Weight Gain During Pregnancy BMI Category BMI Range Recommended Weight Gain (lbs) Underweight Less than 18.5 28 – 40 Normal Weight 18.5 – 24.9…

Women’s Health Miscellaneous Genitourinary (GU) Facts Characteristics of a Healthy Reproductive-Age Woman: Additional Testing for STIs: Friable Cervix: Expected Pelvic Exam Findings in Postmenopausal Women: Loss of Bladder Control Type Description Management Strategies Common Age Group Stress Incontinence Leakage triggered by activities such as laughing, sneezing, bending, or lifting. Pelvic floor strengthening exercises (Kegels), possible…

Kidney Functions and Key Facts Urinalysis: Key Indicators and Their Significance Kidney Function: Key Markers and Interpretation Kidney Conditions: Causes of Azotemia Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Key Facts and Considerations Condition Cause Signs & Symptoms Diagnostic Tests Treatment Options Concerns Pyelonephritis Commonly caused by E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus mirabilis. High fever, chills, nausea, vomiting,…

Common SSRIs (Ranked from Most to Least Energizing) Primary treatment for major depressive disorder, OCD, anxiety, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Most effective for mood stabilization and enhancement.⚠ May trigger mania in bipolar disorder; avoid combining with MAOIs.⚠ 40% likelihood of sexual side effects. Common SNRIs Particularly effective for mood stabilization and enhancing focus.⚠ 40% probability…

Orthopedic Assessments Drawer Test Evaluates knee ligament integrity and detects instability McMurray Test Detects medial meniscus tear; a “click” is felt when the knee is manipulated while rotating the ankle. Lachman Test Highly sensitive for ACL injury, more reliable than the drawer test. Collateral Ligament Assessment Increased laxity indicates ligament damage. Spurling’s Maneuver Also known…

Blood Cell Formation Response to Infection: Interpreting Lab Results: Anemia Overview Types and Causes of Anemia: Blood Loss: Impaired RBC Production (“Bone Marrow Dysfunction”) Increased RBC Destruction (Less Common) Response to Treatment: Hemogram Interpretation in Anemia 1. Hematocrit (Hct), Hemoglobin (Hgb), and RBC Count 2. RBC Size (Mean Corpuscular Volume – MCV) 3. Hemoglobin Content…

Cerebellar Function Assessment Romberg Test: Tandem Gait Test: Neurological Examination Techniques Kernig’s Test: Brudzinski’s Sign: Nuchal Rigidity Test: Cerebellar Function and Neurological Assessment Coordination (Diadochokinesia) Rapid Alternating Movements: Heel-to-Shin Test: Sensory Function Assess Sensation: Stereognosis: Graphesthesia: Motor Function Gait Assessment: Pronator Drift Test: Deep Tendon Reflexes: Cranial Nerve Overview Mnemonic for Function: Some Say Marry…

Constipation Common Causes• Functional or idiopathic origins• Lifestyle factors: Medications That May Contribute• Iron supplements• Beta-blockers• Calcium channel blockers• Antihistamines• Anticholinergics• Antipsychotics• Opioids• Calcium-based antacids Management Strategies• Establish a regular bowel routine• Adopt a fiber-rich diet (25-35 g/day)• Stay physically active• Maintain proper hydration (8-10 glasses of water daily)• Use laxatives if necessary Anal Fissure…