Category: EMS – EMR

Introduction Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to exchange gases between the body and the environment. During inhalation, oxygen enters the lungs and diffuses into the bloodstream. During exhalation, carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream into the lungs so it can be released into the atmosphere. This topic…

Introduction Hematology is the study of blood and its components, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, and proteins involved in clotting and bleeding processes. It also includes the hematopoietic system, which consists of the organs and tissues responsible for producing blood cells. Hematologic emergencies involve disorders affecting the blood, excluding severe…

Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung disorders that cause airflow limitation and breathing difficulties. More than 16 million Americans have been diagnosed with COPD, while many others remain undiagnosed. The most common forms of COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Although COPD cannot be cured, symptoms can often be…

Anatomy and Physiology Review The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The brain and spinal cord make up the CNS. Within the brain, there are two primary cell types: neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals…

Introduction Patients with abdominal trauma are often complex to assess, manage, and treat. In most cases, these injuries are not fully resolved in the prehospital setting. The abdominal cavity is especially vulnerable because it contains many critical organs and structures. According to the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, trauma is the leading cause…

Introduction Conditions affecting the female reproductive system can become life-threatening. These emergencies are relatively common and may lead to significant short-term and long-term complications. Anatomy & Physiology External Structures Internal Structures Gynecologic Conditions Normal Reproductive Processes Ovarian & Uterine Cycles Common Conditions Emergent Gynecologic Conditions Bleeding Disorders Pregnancy & Reproductive Emergencies Other Conditions Sexually Transmitted…

Introduction Burn injuries can result from a variety of sources, each producing different clinical presentations and physiological effects. The severity depends on multiple factors including the cause, depth, duration of exposure, and extent of injury. Pediatric patients under 5 years old and older adults are at significantly higher risk of mortality. Patient age, preexisting medical…

Introduction Recognizing and controlling hemorrhage in both medical and trauma patients is essential for reducing both morbidity and mortality. In trauma care, bleeding control is a top priority and should be addressed immediately after airway management, or simultaneously if enough resources and personnel are available. Anatomy & Physiology Heart Structures The heart sits within the…

Introduction Mood disorders, formerly referred to as affective disorders, are among the most common categories of psychiatric conditions. They affect an estimated 10% of the population and involve disturbances in emotional state that are more severe and persistent than typical fluctuations in mood. These conditions can significantly impair a person’s ability to function in daily…

Introduction Organophosphate poisoning is a critical toxicological emergency that may be encountered in both prehospital and hospital settings. Exposure can occur through accidental contact, occupational exposure, or intentional ingestion. These substances are commonly found in many insecticides used in agricultural and household environments. Facts Organophosphates are widely used chemical agents in pest control products. Examples…